Fires Role in the Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Fires Role in the Ecosystem Essay Scientists have studied forests and fires to determine the secret of Natures success in attaining this necessary balance. They have learned that a natural fire results from a certain fuel condition. Some forest types produce and accumulate fuels faster than others; some decompose fuels more readily than others. However, at some point in time, every forest type has fuel of the right quantity and quality for that forest to be ready to burn. In the past, forest fires would benefit the whole forest ecosystem because their frequency and intensity was determined by the systems natural readiness to burn. When there is a departure from the natural fire point, the ultimate, inevitable fire will be more severe. Fed by extraordinary amounts of fuel, a fires intensity may increase beyond the beneficial point for some parts of the ecosystem. Soils can be overheated and root systems damaged. Living tree crowns, as well as dead needles and branches, may be reduced to ashes. The Dilemma Scientists are studying things other than forests and fires things like population increases, wildlife needs, recreation needs and demands, increased hunting pressures, and a diminishing natural resource base. Obviously, all forest fires cannot be permitted to burn uncontrolled according to the whimsical dictates of lightning strikes or the carelessness of humans. Yet, in attempting to protect these forest values, the powerful role of fire has almost disappeared from the ecosystem it once shaped and created. The inevitable release of natural energy is only postponed-the probability of a devastating wildfire is increased. How, then, can the powerful force of fire be used in a way that cooperates, not conflicts, with nature? No Simple Solution Periodic natural fires prevent the heavy buildup of fuel which, when ignited, can harm our forests and ecosystems. Controlling fires in accordance with Natures scheme must be based on fuel management. There is no general prescription or formula for controlling fuels. Forested sites differ, and objectives range from essentially unmanaged wilderness to intensively managed recreation areas. However, in areas where the forest management  objectives require maintaining or reproducing forest or other natural communities natures method fire is a valuable and effective fuel management tool. Fires natural role in reducing fuels is partly replaced in timber-producing areas by the harvest and removal of wood products. However, slash, resulting from these activities, creates another fuel problem. Better use of harvested wood is one answer fire is another. Controlled burning of non useable slash further reduces the fuel load and provides nutrients for the plants and animals that inhabit the area. The technical and scientific refinement of ways to use fire as a management tool has been a major subject of forest research. Scientists are focusing on forest fuel chemistry, fire behavior, meteorology, and other fields to best determine when, where, and how excess fuels are to be burned. Only in the last century has fire in the forest been viewed as a monster. We are now beginning to realize that fire is a natural agent essential for maintaining the natural ecosystems of Florida. Fire is neither all good nor all bad. It is natural. It is powerful. In the proper places, in the right hands, at the right times, fire can be an asset and an ally. To employ fire as a useful friend is much more logical than confronting it as an enemy. Fire is a significant force in the forest environment. Depending upon specific land management objective, plus a host of environmental variables, fire will sometimes be an enemy, at times a friend, and frequently its effects will be mixed between the two extremes. To extend knowledge of fires role in Florida forests, this publication has been developed from scientific literature review and observations by experienced personnel. To be most useful, the general principles that follow must be localized to specific environments or management units in that way, in-depth knowledge of fire can be used to enhance productivity of the earths ecosystems in all their infinite variety. One great truth of this environmental age is that it is far better to complement natural systems than to manipulate them for single-purpose gain. It is through recognition of ecological interrelationships that we can best manage natural resources for the public good. Ignorance of ecological interrelationships is no excuse for land management errors. To meet future  environmental demands, land managers must build uncommon strength in all three fire activities: prevention, protection, and fire prescribed for ecological benefits. Fire management, in full partnership with other environmental factors, is necessary for quality land management. The Two Faces of Fire The Monster Uncontrolled wildfire raging through a forest can have disastrous effects. Healthy trees are reduced to blackened snags; shrubs that provided food and cover for wildfire become ashes; under the intense heat some soil nutrients are vaporized and become airborne in clouds of choking smoke. Ash falls on rooftops, window sills, and darkens clothes drying outdoors in nearby towns. Where people once enjoyed a green, scenic landscape, they see a stark, gray landscape. A forest has been grossly changed; the web of life it encompassed and nurtured has been broken. Here, fire has shown its mastery over the land and has behaved as a monster. The Friend Think about fire for a moment. If you have warmed your hands in its welcomed heat and enjoyed its friendly light, you know that all fire is not the raging holocaust. Fire, along with air, water, and earth, is a basic environmental factor. We do not judge air as bad because of periodic, destructive hurricanes. We are drawn to water rather than avoiding it despite its potential to cause devastating floods. We do not fear the earth though we know that forces beyond our control can cause it to quake and slide. Fire, no less than air and water, has been a natural directing force in human evolution and the earth we inhabit. History indicates that humans learned to use and control fire. Fire was, perhaps, our first tool. Yet today the acceptance of fire in the forest seems basically contrary to our beliefs in modern times. Perhaps we feel we have progressed beyond the need for direct dependence on this natural force. Or maybe we simply do not know and understand it any longer. Lightning In the Making Continued sunny and warm except for isolated afternoon or evening thunderstorms. Thirty percent chance of rain. This is a familiar midsummer  weather forecast in Florida. From over the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, air   masses directly affect Floridas weather. Warm air is lifted high into cool, upper air layers. The cooling of this rising air causes its moisture to condense and clouds to form. Moisture droplets form in the upper; cold parts of the clouds. When they reach a certain size, the droplets begin to fall earthward, away from the influence of the cold air back into warm, uplifting currents. The droplets may again vaporize and be lifted even higher into the upper air layers. A repeated cycle of warming, lifting, and cooling causes the buildup of tall columns of billowy clouds. The bases of the clouds may be 3,000 feet above sea level the tops of the cloud columns develop upward to levels of 60,000 feet. The Ignition Source Inside the clouds electrical charges build up and separate into positive and negative centers. The upper portion of the cloud becomes positively charged and the lower portion becomes negatively charged. The negative charge near the cloud base induces a positive charge on the ground a reversal of the fair weather pattern when the ground charge is negative. Potential gradients between positive and negative centers, with some assistance from friction caused by falling water droplets, lead to those large sparks known as lightning discharges. Cloud-to-ground lightning is usually a discharge between the negative lower portion of the cloud and the positive charge on the ground. Most thunderstorms in Florida are accompanied by rain. Lightning fires occur when the lightning bolt strikes outside the area of rainfall or it ignites dry fuels that smolder through the rain shower and begin to burn as the area dries out following the shower. Energy to Use or Burn From a distance, pines and other vegetation look fresh and green. Close inspection reveals that the greenness is a shell enveloping a core of dry needles, twigs, and branches. In the needled or leafy part of the tree, known as the crown, growth occurs at the branch tips, so the youngest, greenest parts are always around the outside edges. Here, photosynthesis occurs. Photosynthesis is the major function of every green plant. It is the process by which light energy from the sun is converted to a form of energy that can be stored and used by the plant. Generally, the conversion is to  chemical energy and involves the formation of a series of complex organic compounds. Some of the compounds impart the piney odors we enjoy in forests. What we cannot tell from their pleasant aroma is that these compounds are very flammable. Once stored, the energy can be used in different ways. For example, it can be used by the plant to produce wood or grow more needles in which more energy conversion will take place. It can be used as a source of food by animals that browse the leaves and twigs where the compounds are stored. The energy can also be used to produce seed to germinate and produce another plant. This energy storing process takes place with shrubs and grasses as well as trees; photosynthesis and the energy conversions and transfers that occur are complex, but the result is clear enough: during one growing season in one acre of forest, enough sun energy is converted and stored in plant material to equal the energy reservoir in 300 gallons of gasoline. Fire and the Forest We often regard fire as an agent of destruction, but to Nature, it is an agent of necessary change. Fire changes one form of energy to another. Green plants change light energy to chemical energy, fire changes chemical energy to heat energy. Fire breaks down complex organic molecules to smaller ones the same thing that occurs when we digest food. The protein in a piece of meat cannot be used directly by the human body to build cells and tissues. We must eat the meat before large protein molecules can be broken down to smaller amino acid molecules, recycled through our bodies, and rebuilt into human tissue. When a fire changes a log to ash, nutrients bound in chemical compounds are released and changed to a form that is more water soluble. In this soluble form, nutrients percolating into the soil are again usable in the growth of other plants. Fire also effects a more visible change. Ash and nutrients occupy less space than trees and shrubs. By creating openings in forests, fire changes space relationships. Species that remain in these openings may be fire tolerant. Other species that cannot withstand fire are eliminated. Thus, fire changes both the composition and the density of the forest. This change will remain for several years and affect the fuels available during the next burning cycle. Scientists who study plant and  animal relationships tell us that forests in this part of the country owe their existence and continued presence to a long history of periodic fires. This association of some tree and shrub species with fire is an example of adaptation. Forests in Florida have existed here for at least 12,000 years. During that time, thousands of fires occurred annually. Plant species that survived these fires did so because of special features or characteristics they possessed. Plant species lacking these features were eliminated from frequently burned areas; their distribution has been confined to areas where fires are less likely to occur, moist areas such as bays, swamps, and creek bottoms. Fires, like many natural events, are somewhat cyclic. The cycle is governed by conditions such as general climate, topography, soil type, existing vegetation, and other factors. Accordingly, the repeatability of the cycle varies. Before 1900, fire-susceptible areas probably had fires every 3 to 10 years. In areas less likely to burn, the cycle may repeat every 10 to 100 years. Cyclic, recurrent fires of the past 12,000 years were important agents of selection in determining plant species and distribution in Florida. Trees Born of Fire Special adaptive features have allowed some plants to survive naturally occurring fire. Adult southern pines have a thick bark that insulates the inner, living tissues from fires heat. Longleaf pine is so fire resistant that some trees almost always escape fires injurious effects. These trees become seed trees for the reforestation of a burned area. Sand pine exhibits yet another adaptation for coping with fire. Sand pine cones remain closed until a fires intense heat opens the cone and allows the seeds to fall out. Seeds of cone-bearing trees that persist in fire-susceptible areas sprout and grow best under conditions created by fire: soil free from litter, an increased nutrient reserve, plus open areas with plenty of sunlight. In contrast, species less adapted to fire, such as oaks, gums, cypress, and cedar do not usually reseed a burned area directly. Seedlings of these species prefer partial shade and plenty of moisture. Generally, they will reestablish only after some other type vegetation is present. The Changing Natural fires keep Floridas forests dynamic, diverse, and beautiful. Florida was named by the early explorers because of the abundance of wildflowers in  areas kept open by frequent fires. Historically, timber stands were replaced by young trees; sometimes one type of forest was replaced by another. Changes in tree cover occur together with even more encompassing changes because a forest is more than just trees. A forest displays interdependence, interrelationships, and competition among trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, big and little animals, soils, microbes, minerals and nutrients in soils, and the air pervading and surrounding all of these. A forest is a complex life system. Each part has a place and a function in its organization an organization called the forest ecosystem. Because all parts of the system are interrelated, no one part can change without a widespread effect throughout the entire system. Forest fires affect more than trees. Fire-caused changes in ecosystems result in both stress and relief to plant and animal life both to individuals and to whole plant and animal communities. Thousands of years of natural fires achieved a dynamic balance between the stresses and relief. The fire-adapted pine forests thrived over vast areas. They provided habitat for hundreds of species of grasses and wildflowers, as well as dozens of animal species. All these species would quickly begin to decline in number and health and eventually disappear completely if fire is excluded. Fires Role in the Ecosystem A Balancing Act Scientists have studied forests and fires to determine the secret of Natures success in attaining this necessary balance. They have learned that a natural fire results from a certain fuel condition. Some forest types produce and accumulate fuels faster than others; some decompose fuels more readily than others. However, at some point in time, every forest type has fuel of the right quantity and quality for that forest to be ready to burn. In the past, forest fires would benefit the whole forest ecosystem because their frequency and intensity was determined by the systems natural readiness to burn. When there is a departure from the natural fire point, the ultimate, inevitable fire will be more severe. Fed by extraordinary amounts of fuel, a fires intensity may increase beyond the beneficial point for some parts of the ecosystem. Soils can be overheated and root systems damaged. Living tree crowns, as well as dead needles and branches, may be reduced to ashes. The Dilemma Scientists are studying things other than forests and fires things like population increases, wildlife needs, recreation needs and demands, increased hunting pressures, and a diminishing natural resource base. Obviously, all forest fires cannot be permitted to burn uncontrolled according to the whimsical dictates of lightning strikes or the carelessness of humans. Yet, in attempting to protect these forest values, the powerful role of fire has almost disappeared from the ecosystem it once shaped and created. The inevitable release of natural energy is only postponed-the probability of a devastating wildfire is increased. How, then, can the powerful force of fire be used in a way that cooperates, not conflicts, with nature? No Simple Solution Periodic natural fires prevent the heavy buildup of fuel which, when ignited, can harm our forests and ecosystems. Controlling fires in accordance with Natures scheme must be based on fuel management. There is no general prescription or formula for controlling fuels. Forested sites differ, and objectives range from essentially unmanaged wilderness to intensively managed recreation areas. However, in areas where the forest management objectives require maintaining or reproducing forest or other natural communities natures method fire is a valuable and effective fuel management tool. Fires natural role in reducing fuels is partly replaced in timber-producing areas by the harvest and removal of wood products. However, slash, resulting from these activities, creates another fuel problem. Better use of harvested wood is one answer fire is another. Controlled burning of non useable slash further reduces the fuel load and provides nutrients for the plants and animals that inhabit the area. The technical and scientific refinement of ways to use fire as a management tool has been a major subject of forest research. Scientists are focusing on forest fuel chemistry, fire behavior, meteorology, and other fields to best determine when, where, and how excess fuels are to be burned. Only in the last century has fire in the forest been viewed as a monster. We are now beginning to realize that fire is a natural agent essential for maintaining the natural ecosystems of Florida. Fire is  neither all good nor all bad. It is natural. It is powerful. In the proper places, in the right hands, at the right times, fire can be an asset and an ally. To employ fire as a useful friend is much more logical than confronting it as an enemy.

Textile Industry In The Era Of Globalisation

Textile Industry In The Era Of Globalisation According to the Findings the most pure, beneficial and the most powerful biggest industry in the world is Textile industry. In today world of business it is working as a back bone of the countries. An estimated figure of the industry market is $400 billion and there are more chances of growth in the coming years, according to the saying in 2001of the research analyst that textile industry will grow 25% in 2002 to 2010 and there figure was true and in 2010 the figure accumulates to $480 billion and in the coming few years it will further grow. Toady, every country is putting his hands in this business and trying to give his best. Britain was the first country who just gave a new life to the textile industry by making machinery for the textile industry and the slowly it spread over the whole market of the world. Global Economy By Global economy means economy of all the countries. Because, international economy is the name when the economy of all countries comes together. There are factors which makes international economy which are, trade, investment, economical alliance of the countries and migration. The economy of a country can be measured by his GDP. According to the economists monetary values f any country whether it is USA by itself all the economies could only be measured by preferably through dollar. Global economy could be affected by different factors which includes Currency Value, Trade Restriction, Political Situations, and labor cost, etc. J.P. Morgan (Global Data watch) There are countries who contributes in a huge /wide range to the global economy Countries contribution to the global economy: First thing through which all the countries of the world contribute to the global economy is Politics because though politics here are many things which came into existence in the form of contribution to the global economy. Secondly, trade is most appropriate and unique way of contribution in the global economy. There are so many other factors which contribute in a large amount to the global economy. According to the facts and figure including china and Japan, USA, France and Germany are the largest economies of the world because they gives an output which is not in comparison of others. Because they give best output in the very field, like food, labor, imports and exports which gave them a top level. There are other countries too which comes in the list of top ten countries of the world who contribute a large amount in global economy. This list includes brazil, Italy Canada and some other countries. However, beside this great contribution by all the countries global economy is still providing a figure of challenges in the form of unemployment whose rate is 30% around the world, enforcement to the labor footwork 41%, investment by public to the government plan less then 40%, and etc., All the countries are trying to just remove these factors affecting the global economy but they cant, china is heavily providing cheap labor but this does not remove the unemployment. (WTO by Dr.Sup achai) Another important factor which is heavily affecting the economy is terrorism. Terrorism is another part of the economies of the countries which is badly affecting it. Countries and there economies are also being affected with the increase in oil prices. There is factor of global health crisis, it is true that globally health is maintained by all the countries but to some extent thy lack and they have just left some loop holes which causes bad effect on the humans life i. e., spreading diseases in the form of HIV Aids, bird flu, swine flu. There are measures to deal with these things but those are not adopted. (business-and-economy/textile-industry) As the factor terrorism is creating so much problems for the global economy so to deal with it is very important for all the countries and to deal with this factor all the countries have to come together to find out some better results. Infect, not just for the terrorism all the countries have to come together to deal with all the problem because the problems like, terrorism, Health diseases, inflation, poverty, unemployment are not small problems they are worst threats for the economies of all the countries around the world. History of textile History of textile is roughly based on these things or countries which have given a boost to the textile sector in the whole world and these countries are: Islamic Persian Excerpt from  Woven from the soul, spun from the heart Excerpt from   master pieces of Persian art safavid Turkish Chinese Indian Italian Japanese Kashmiri Lets talk abut these simple but beautiful art of textiles styles which gave a wave to the textile industry both in design and culture. (Mary Belles) Islamic Textile History: Islamic textiles are as old as the Islam itself, Islamic textiles are the master piece of the textiles industry they gave a shape and a beautiful view of the clothing system. Islamic textiles were as demanded by the all countries as now e demand for the latest verities of the design. Islam is the symbol of peace and Islamic people were having a great quality of showing there culture I n the way of coloring their cloths. The essence of Islam in Europe is also the size of their language, their impact highlighted by the West was exported widely. For example, Geffen English word mohair and Taft » and  «Highlights », any manufacturer, Arabic, Farsi. Despite its nature, a relatively small fibers of the early Islamic era is alive. At any time, value Islamic fabrics were on stretchers, cut because they are inherently weak again, over fiber. Most of the early Islamic textiles, notably the maintenance of the store is dry and dark, including the grave, could be used in Egypt. Living piece of silk, cotton, linen and wool, often dyed in bright colors. These intricate designs and rich colors for use in a structured screens show textile technology. Silk Industry History: It is a great source of inspiration, often expect to find more songs from the miniature glossy silk fibers woven Peres today, inspired by the Merchant of Venice with a touch of world imports, often, sometimes bright, Culture in the vehicle owner with life. The project is based on animal and plant origin of the naturalist and created images based on royal Persian carpets of the Safari Empire and luxurious fabrics with sophisticated design language is polite and civilized. Persian rugs and remote villages, the lack of cooperation tissue and a variety of colorful geometric abstractions in the design is unlike kkwaewaneun. The experience begins long before the dynasty in the history of silk embroidered fabrics. At the time this work was exported to Europe and Rome. Prohibited the use of gold in the men because they stopped after the Sassanid period and type of tissue, almost. Mughal period, almost hiding fearing for his life he lived in Iran, the forgotten master of the textile sector. D uring the Safavid Shah was revived, the textile industry during the reign of apbaseuui was to textile artists from Isfahan switch the monarchy and the workshop are invited to start work. Turkish Textile History: Making fiber arts, especially in Anatolia, Konya Turkey, Bergama size barn and Seljuk, Feudal, during the Ottoman and the best fiber in the middle of a flourished jjanhaetdeon. Choose rugs and textiles, and fine examples of Turkish Islamic Art Museum (both in Istanbul) Kilim rugs Vakiflar museums and other museums in Turkey are different. Turkey has been developing more practice in the textile arts, weaving for centuries. The National Museum eloquent testimony to the example of the private collection of textiles and embroidery, painting, block printing, and provides an artistic medium. Ottoman era is to Bursa, Bilecik and ÃÅ"skà ¼dar, and the major cities of the world, such as silk, velvet, cotton and wool are now living, Sarayi clothes jjandoeeotda the Topkapi Museum, a collection of the Sultan is to focus on the case. Shares a wealth of material in court and the artists studio as a judicial decision based on running the design. (Mary Craft) Greater part of life and death, but all shares sold in Europe and some are intended for private use. Silk production in the late 16 Century stock market opened, but the performance, and that was not enough to satisfy the demand of the Ottoman repeated domestic world must rely on imported raw materials continued. Velvet Italian history: Weaver over most fanciful images of art: the kingdom, the altar, the royal bed chambers, bourgeois salons and ateliers of great couturiers, seems full of velvet. Giuseppe Verdis opera with only the most provocative characters such as velvet dress that Rossini and Donizetti. Giuditta Pasta, one of opera velvet play all the crazy waste of attention in costumes from Caruso to Galeffi So first, Courreges, Cardin, Rabanne, Marucelli and a long list of de Barentzen what was said about the designer? Italy, the entire 18th century until the twelfth century, the largest manufacturer in the Western world of velvet has been signed. These wall decor fabrics for clothes, and is expected to be for centuries, Lucca, Siena, Venice, Florence and Genoa in the offspring of a car interior, and all kinds of horse furniture collection, providing rest of Europe. Textile Industry and Revolution in Britain By having a look at the market and at global economy I found Textile industry at his best. According to the facts and figures textile industry has grown itself at a very high rate and today textile industry is contributing at a very high level to the global economy. With the invention of spinning mills and weaving machines in Britain the whole world witnessed remarkable growth because it has reduced labor cost as well as time consumption. Lets talk about the history of textile industry, there were some major steps to be taken which were, Harvesting and clean of wool by hands Card it and spin it to thread To wave the thread into cloth Finally fashion and sew the cloth And it was all done with the human labor which consumes cost and time so it was a lassie process. According to the history America in 1786 tried first to make yarn weaving machine to reduce time and cost effecting thing s they encouraged the engineers but because of some loop holes those machineries didnt worked correctly and they sold the machinery to Moses brown Britain engineer. It was the time of revolution for the Britain. During the eighteenth century Britain got the control over the textile industry figure shows that its exports were increase 25 % due to this revolution and then as the time passed they spread it all over the world with the latest technology of machinery for the textile industry. Decline of British Industry Even though Britain was the leader because revolution was came in the Britain for first time in Textile industry but Britain lost its status in the ERA of 2000, Britains started declining itself from 1950 because the mill owner and the workers union were not combined and doing work with effort. Secondly the competitors from Japan textiles industry gave them a big defeat. With the entry of Far East and India in cotton weaving they were in a big competitive situation. With the increase in the growth of these countries Britain started to blame the political situation of the country. (Susan Wolcott) Americas wrong way to defeat the Britain The USA personnel followed the British lead by using blue prints of the Britains which were stolen by their respective personnels and by the immigration of the engineers of the British to USA, by doing this thing slowly but steadily USA made a big giant of sewing , weaving and cotton spinning mills. They used all the measures to defeat the Britain and sooner they became the leader of the market. Asian Textile Industry America has enjoyed an ERA of being at the top of textile industry but then they got a situation of great rivals in the form Asian competetors. America tried hard to improve the material quality; although America was having an edge over the quality of machinery but due to cheap labor and low material cost Asian countries take the control from USA this thing gave him a big defeat, and because of the cancellation of MFA the developing countries got an edge over the success rate then USA. Although it was not a god idea but Asian countries were still getting the best out of it. Being the holder of market Asian countries got the best share rating, India was at 20 %,and china was representing a share of 45% according to the proceeding of 2010.other the these two countries Pakistan, Bangladesh and some other countries are also trying there best to gave quality production. Because, these countries are awarded of this fact that if they will produced quality production then they will get foreign investment and their economy will boost and there are so many chances to come at the top. There is round figure investment in china according to the stock market and global market analysis in 2010 there was a 100 bln investment in china in textile sector of foreign countries. There are some other factor which gives ways to become at the top, these includes, Growth Drivers Seasons cheer If we look at the customer his taste changes and this is the most important factor which china and other Asian countries have adopted, they are changing their designs and fashion with the change in time to remain at the top. There are mild signs are seen for the success of textile industry in Asian countries. (Mary Bellies) With some rough facts and figures this thing came into being that round about 45 % of the dyes were purchased by the Asian countries from the global market which accumulates to an amount of 16 million USD and this is just the figure off Asian country means Asian countries textile contribution in international market as well as in their local market is a t a very high level. Methodology This research has been conducted qualitatively. We have looked and gathered data from many different resources which include, Books, Websites, Articles Published In journals. First of all we have just looked at the global economy about the contribution of the different countries I to the international/global economy, then we looked into the local economies of the countries and gathered data to analyze the differences of the countries contribution to the global economy. We have also looked for the challenges difficulties that countries are facing during their success. Through this research we have been clarified that at the start Britain were the leader but then Asian countries got a boost and captured the textile industry. Results and Findings Chinas Textile Industry: IF we talk about china it is having a long history, the textile industry of china is a conventional cutthroat industry, industry of china at this time is playing a main role in development of national economy. More on textiles are also the main exports of china. According to the figures of 2009 with the provocation of the economic situation, Chinese government issued an array of industrial supporting policies including increase in the export rate. The figures also show that china was having a sustained growth in 2005. But, there growth started to boost up in 2007. And in 2009 Chinese realized that there sales revenue has grown from 2.01 to 10.32%. This was a great rise for the Chinese although according to them their rat has gone down but still they are having better results. Although china was at a success but he was having a threat. His biggest threat was his rival countries which include Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Indonesia; All these countries were also enjoying the same level position as china. And juts like china Pakistan, India and Bangladesh also having cheap labor and raw material of best quality.. Indian Textile Industry India is at the second spot in the field of textile and he is also enjoying the benefits just like china and other countries. Indias textile industry plays a role in the stabilization of his economy. The contribution of India in his economy from just textile sector is 35 %, It accumulates to the at least one third of the total contribution from all other sector which means Indias textile sector splaying a role of backbone of his country. History shows that by the end of 19th century, domestic wool production of India was having a transformation that was largely attributable to imposing rule. Indias textile industry is mostly based on small scale , spinning, weaving, finishing and apparel making enterprises. Research shows that India accounts to 22% of world spiritless capacity. Its spinning sector consists of 1,161 small scale independent firms and 1,566 larger scale. (Susan Wolcott) India has grown it sector on textile by giving it more preference rather then other sectors because he knows the situation of the market , Indian government also support the textiles industry that it should grow as much as it can. India is not just having a share in just local markets market but India is having a name in the international market. India has gain more then any other country it also some value when its currency gain some appreciation in international market. Indian government took many steps to boost the textiles economy, government started many different projects at small level and at big level. There is no doubt that Indian textile industries future is bright and there are many chances of India to becoming at that number one spot. India is having a vast number of players, named: Arvind mills limited Raymond lTd Alok Industries Aditya Birla nuvo LTD. Century Textiles. Welspun India Himatsighka seide lTd Bombay Dieng. Opportunities and challenges for Indian textile Factor Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Abundant Availability of raw materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low Cost à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flexibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Skilled Labor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ability to produce customized Apparel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lower Lead Tim Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Dominated by unorganized sector à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Highly competitive and fragmented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Entry of foreign players Govt. Regulations/ Policy Support for Technology up gradation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government reimburses 5% of the interest rates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A credit linked capital subsidy of 10%, In addition to the existing 5% interest Reimbursement for modernizing the processing sector à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quality Improvement Related Supporting Industries Product Development/ Design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cheap and abundant raw material à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Well developed Textile machinery Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Well Developed IT capabilities Demand Conditions Large Domestic Potential à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Favorable Demographics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Growing Income and Purchasing power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Growth of organized retailing, malls Textile industry in Pakistan: Pakistans exports of apparel sector occupy a central position. Asia is the eighth largest exporter of Pakistani textile products. The total GDP contribution of neunyi sector is 8.5%. It provides employment for approximately 1,500 ten thousand people, about 49 million U.S. dollars from 30% of the workforce of the country. 18 trillion world trade volume of textiles, which is the annual U.S. total of 2.5% . Among them, Pakistans share is less than 1 percent. Development of the manufacturing sector has been given the highest priority A major stress on agro-based industries in Pakistan and since its establishment. The worlds leading producers of cotton was one of the Pakistan examples; take advantage of abundant resources in the field of cotton textile industry in the direction of the development was the priority of industrialization. Currently, 1221 ginning units, 442 spinning units, spinning units are 124 425 small units of production of textile products. Highly organized industry is a large piece of cottage / small scale sector is composed. Some of the value chain of textiles and other sectors are: spinning, weaving and fabric dying industry and the most in-house finishing facilities and organization operates. The fabric is made up of small entities. Other units such as the media, while the small size of the unit, dyeing and printing and finishing sub-sectors and the field portion of the field, in order to handle a large amount of offers. Textile bleaching and dyeing cloth, printing sector followed by the proce ssing industry overall, as every second. Clothing manufacturers in the textile value chain to generate the highest employment. More than 75% of the unit is a unit of small size. Knitwear industry, mainly (Knitting + processing + maker) as an integrated unit is comprised of operating facilities. Woven garments and knits two areas mainly in Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad are clustered enough to be working ladies. Pakistans textile industry is one of the famous textile businesses but due to uncertain situation it is lacking with the factor of success. There are so many reasons why it is not coming up. These reason are, Light problem, Governments wrong policies and so many other factors which affects the Pakistan textiles economy. If we look at the figures of the investments Pakistan has invested 23.1 million on the imports of machinery in the month of February last year. If we compare this thing or import with the India and other Asian countries Pakistan has increased it self 190%. Due to this thing new investment has started coming in Pakistan . Pakistan is having lot of potential to be the market leader. Pakistan is having cheap labor, raw material better machinery and that entire skilled person which are necessary to run a textile business in a country. Germanys Textile Industry When we come to talk of style in clothing Germany is on the number position, Germany is having a history of manufacturing great design in clothing . History shows Germany is manufacturing, innovative clothing and his flexibility in design making has made him one of the top country in textile industry. Today, when we talk abut the production of textile including, clothing, home textiles and technical textile. Government divide in into 3 percentages from which 30% goes to clothing, 30% to home textiles and 40% to the technical textiles. If w take this output and measure all the countries Germany is at the top like the government of all other countries the government of Germany is also considering it one of most important part of the country economic contribution factor. (German Business portal) Textile industry in Germany in numbers: 2008, turnover recorded up to EUR 20 Billion Clothing up to 42%, textiles 58% which comes to the total turnover of 2008. Technical textiles alone accumulates to the 45 % There export quota has reached to 42.7% Imports of textiles reached to EUR 30 Being the second main importer of the textiles in the world Germany has faced an increase in the demand of his material in the pats few years. Being the most power textiles supplier in the world Germany is also acing some of the main problems which all the other countries are facing. Germany has categorized its textiles into five categories naming as, Enshede Textile Remanats Rix and co immerath Trevira Webbgpinnerei 1 Webbgpinnerei 3 Supporting Institutions (Many foreign organizations want to establish themselves successfully in the German market, manufacture and support. The most important associations of the textile industry are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ organization of the German textile and fashion industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Textination à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ German Institute of Textile Retailers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ German Federation of Purchasing and marketing group, 1. The organization of the German textile and fashion industry In each country, a leading fashion department, which he talks directly to fmn, how it related to fashion clothes if you want to export earnings which is the main point of the German Textile and Fashion. 2. Textination that Germany is the official website of the entire textile industry. The main objective of the German textile and clothing industry and retail market to provide comprehensive information about the role that is perpendicular to the platform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. German Textile Research Institute of Market Dealers (BTE):   To provide contact information, textile retail sector and an extensive database. The site also on the fabric of the country to cover 85% of the retail demand contains useful information on companies in Germany online guide for retail trade textile trade offers. This guide for wholesalers and professional organizations can be found more useful data. 4. Buy (ZGV) and Group Marketing Federation of German   mid umbrella organization of trade in services and technology transactions and the arts in Germany. 220 000 purchase and cooperatives representing 320 member companies ZGV. Bangladesh Textile Industry Bangladesh is also growing day by day, It has introduced it self as the master planner of the textile industry. If we look at the history and the current situation of the Bangladesh textile industry has become the back bone of the Bangladesh. If we look at the history of Bangladesh, after its foundation tea and jute were the most export oriented sectors. But, a rival named as flood was a big enemy of the Bangladesh which decreased the jute production in Bangladesh. This industry was employing 3 million workers whose 90% strength was based on womens. Bangladesh was in a situation of poverty he was not able to understand what he has done and what he has to do in this current situation at that textile was new in the field they came with the idea of employing those worker in to the textile sector. After adoption of this thing Bangladesh got a growth and make his position in the market. From 1995 to 2005 Bangladesh was in a situation of agreement of textile businesses with the other countries. In the period of 2003 Bangladesh imported a machinery for the sector of textile worth 31 million. And after having success in 2007 41 million euros of latest machinery. Germany exports to the countries have been reduced after the entry of Bangladesh now to the like china, Pakistan and India Bangladesh export rather then Germany. By having a closer look at the textile sector of Bangladesh Bangladeshi government stated to help and started making investment in this sector. A Huge amount was invested by government in this sector for the purchase of machinery. There is huge list of companies working in Bangladesh: Shan Kniting and processing LTd. Mechano Labiba Trading Sikder buyimng Ltd Topstyle Alif Pvt ltd Vertex and dà ©cor Mona yam sweater complex And many other companies. They are playing a big role in the growth of economy of Bangladesh. Conclusion The above mentioned discussion on the textile industry relating to the different countries of the world we came with the result that all the countries whether they are at the top or at the low level all are struggling to gave his best out of what he got. All the countries are facing some major problems like, According to the facts and figure including china and Japan, USA, France and Germany are the largest economies of the world because they gives an output which is not in comparison of others. Because they give best output in the very field, like food, labor, imports and exports which gave them a top level. There are other countries too which comes in the list of top ten countries of the world who contribute a large amount in global economy. This list includes brazil, Italy Canada and some other countries. However, beside this great contribution by all the countries global economy is still providing a figure of challenges in the form of unemployment whose rate is 30% around the world, enforcement to the labor footwork 41%, investment by public to the government plan less then 40%, and etc., All the countries are trying to just remove these factors affecting the global economy but they cant, china is heavily providing cheap labor but this does not remove the unemployment. Another important factor which is heavily affecting the economy is terrorism. Terrorism is another part of the economies of the countries which is badly affecting it. Countries and there economies are also being affected with the increase in oil prices. There is factor of global health crisis, it is true that globally health is maintained by all the countries but to some extent thy lack and they have just left some loop holes which causes bad effect on the humans life i. e., spreading diseases in the form of HIV Aids, bird flu, swine flu. There are measures to deal with these things but those are not adopted. As the factor terrorism is creating so much problems for the global economy so to deal with it is very important for all the countries and to deal with this factor all the countries have to come together to find out some better results. Infect, not just for the terrorism all the countries have to come together to deal with all the problem because the problems like, terrorism, He alth diseases, inflation, poverty, unemployment are not small problems they are worst threats for the economies of all the countries around the world. But, with all these problems all the countries are still having great turnover, great quality of production. They are giving great competition to their rival industry , almost all Asian country who indulged themselves ij this sector are having a lot of trouble but at the same time they are enjoying good things.

Getting The Most From Our Education :: essays research papers

Getting The Most From Our Education My goodness Captain, you ask some hard questions! I think some of the responsibility could fall into the family's lap. Are people helping their kids with their homework? Are we checking to see if there is anything we can do to help? Are we praising thier accomplishments, and encouraging them, instead of critizing. Do we still check to see who their friends are? These were some of the things my parents did. As with most parents they made mistakes, as did I, but they did their best. And I did my best to make amends to them when I drifted. I think, I know I could have done better in school, I'm not sure if my study habits would change today. (one of the reasons I'm alittle reluctant to go back to college) But the values I learned young seem to be the ones that stick. And I feel the worst when I fall short of keeping them. That doesn't mean that the new values I'm learning aren't just as important, it just seems like it takes longer for me to incorperate them in my daily life. But, just like everything else, it takes alot of practise to get things right. Maybe we do need to do more to create civic pride, do have something that people can say, "I'm involved with this". For me everytime I check out and explore something new I always learn something. And whenever I reach out and help someone, I fell good. It was great to see the students of General Brown help out in the community with the Thanksgiving dinner for the seniors (I know there was another school that helped out too, I forgot who, if someone else remembers, please jump in and add their thanks to the list). If we want our kids to be less self-centered, we have to show them the example. If they don't follow, it won't be from lack of exposure. This is a transient world nowadays. The kids that grow up and get educated here

The Difference Between Sissy And Bitzer Essay -- essays research paper

"Give me your definition of a horse," (Pg 3) says the eminently practical Mr. Thomas Gradgrind of Charles Dickens’ unforgettable novel, Hard Times. Can anybody really define a horse? Cecilia Jupe, also known as Sissy, was unable to answer this question because she was, well, normal. Bitzer, the boy brought up in Coketown, the city of facts, answered, "Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely, twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive..." (Pg. 4). Clearly the contrast between Sissy and Bitzer can be seen. The differences between Bitzer and Sissy are shown not only in their definitions of a horse, but also in their physical appearance, personality, background, and the different philosophies that they each represent: fact and fancy. From the very beginning, Dickens had made it clear to the reader that Sissy represents fancy and Bitzer represents facts. He uses the two characters in many ways to portray the differences between fact and fancy. One way of doing this is describing Sissy and Bitzer’s physical appearance. Dickens has a tendency to make his characters’ physical appearance reflect their personalities. This is true for both Sissy and Bitzer. Sissy is described as vibrant and full of dark, rich colors. She glows with passion and kindness. Bitzer, on the other hand, is described as a very pale boy. He seems cold and emotionless, with light colored eyes and light colored hair. While Sissy seems to have an aura of goodness, Bitzer does not. He is emotionless. Even in the setting of a classroom, the differences in appearance between Sissy and Bitzer are apparent, for â€Å"Sissy, being at the corner of a row on the sunny side, came in for the beginning of a sunbeam, of which Bitzer, being at the corner of a row on the other side, a few rows in advance, caught the end.† Sissy seemed to â€Å"receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her,† while the same sunbeam â€Å"seem to draw out of him (Bitzer) what little colour he ever possessed† (Pg. 3-4). The differences between Sissy and Bitzer are so evident that one must have been able to tell which philosophies that they each stand for. Throughout the course of the novel, Sissy and Bitzer’s actions help to describe what kind of personality they each have, which are a... ...s logical to them. Bitzer, however, represents the philosophy of facts and only facts. His actions, appearance, and training at Mr. McChoakumchild’s school show what a person becomes when they follow that philosophy. He had become cold and hard, with not a single thought for anyone but his self-interest. Dickens uses these two characters to show the differences between the two philosophies and the consequences that following these philosophies may have. Through Bitzer and Sissy, the two different philosophies that each represent can be clearly seen: fact versus fancy. Bitzer has become a selfish person who does not care for anyone but himself. Sissy was the emotional center of the book because she was, practically, the only one that had real emotions from the very beginning. It can be distinguished which philosophy Dickens agrees with: fancy. He makes fact seem dull and dead, while making fancy seem colorful and full of life. Sissy is the kind of person that everyone would love, and Bitzer is someone that everybody would hate. Unmistakably, it is easy to tell which philosophy one would prefer. Maybe Bitzer ought to take a couple of lessons from Sissy.

Orphans in Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre Essays

Orphans in Jane Eyre Jane, one of the orphans in the novel Jane Eyre, is portrayed as the victim of charity.  She is also seen in others' eyes as something less or lower than themselves. Orphans are seen by wealthy people as children who are in need of their charity, and also who lack in morals, ambition, and culture. Jane tells about how she has no family; her mother and her father had the typhus fever, and "both died within a month of each other" (58; ch. 3). As if this is not bad enough, she is also excluded from being a part of the Reed family:    Me, [Mrs. Reed] had dispensed from joining the group, saying, 'she regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance; but that until she heard from Bessie, and could discover by her own observation that I was endeavoring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition, a more attractive and sprightly manner - something lighter, franker, more natural, as it were - she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children. (39; ch. 1)    Further, after Jane comes out of the red room, Mrs. Reed and the children go out for a carriage ride and leave Jane behind (55; ch. 3). Again, at Christmas time, "From every enjoyment I was, of course, excluded: my share of the gaiety consisted in witnessing the daily apparelling of Eliza and Georgiana, and seeing them descend to the drawing-room, dressed out in thin muslin frocks and scaarlet sashes, with hair elaborately ringleted" (60; ch. 4). This not only shows her exclusion from family and family gatherings, but also that she is not perceived to be as good, happy, or sociable as her cousins.    Her cousin John even makes her out to be something less than he, "You... ...nineteenth century was not as easy as it was for her. Most orphans were put into a workhouse and had to deal with worse conditions than she. Orphanhood was very prevalent throughout the whole novel. Almost every character was an orphan or became one. Not many characters had family members that they were able to speak of, or of they did, they were not part of the immediate family, as Jane was with the Reeds.       As lonely as Jane was, she was not as isolated, as one may believe. She was one amongst eighty girls at Lowood Institution who did not have a mother or a father, let a lone family members to care for them. She was even around many other orphans throughout the novel including the Reeds, the Rivers, and Adele.    Works Cited: Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London, Penguin Books Ltd.: 1996. (Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Mason).

Financial Markets in Pakistan Essay

A financial market is a place for buying and selling of financial securities such as stocks and bonds. It facilitates: * The raising of capital (in the capital markets) * The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets * In matching those who want capital to those who have it. Financial Market in Pakistan consists of (i) Money Market which provides short term funds and (ii) Capital Market which makes long terms funds available to businesses and industries. The Financial market can be reclassified into (i) Primary Market in which new shares or bonds are issued and (ii) Secondary Market in which securities previously issued are traded such as Shares, Bonds, Commercial Papers, Options and Mutual Fund. Of this, the banking sectors and non-banking sectors are regulated by the central bank, State Bank of Pakistan. While rest of the market (lease, stock exchanges, modarba, mutual funds and insurance) is regulaled by Secruities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THEIR ROLES: COMMERCIAL BANKS A type of bank providing checking and saving accounts, credit cards and business loans. Such a bank induces general public to deposit their savings in the banks and offers a wide range of services such as: * Deposit Mobilization * Money transfer * Financing Working Capital * Financing other trade related mode (import and export) * Investing in government securities * Call money operations These banks are of three categories (i) Public Sector Banks, (ii) Private Bank and (iii) Foreign Banks. LEASE -FINANCE EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT BANKS Investment banks perform a variety of functions. Primarily, they assist corporations to raise equity-capital by underwriting the public issues. They also assist companies desiring of mergers and acquisition and derivatives. In addition, they provide services like trading of derivative, foreign exchange, fixed income instruments and shares listed on the stock exchanges. Such banks cannot take deposits. They manage their affairs by charging fees such as (i) retainer fee, (ii) advisory fees based on the transactions, (iii) commission on underwriting and (iv) other financial services. PICIC was once a premier development in Pakitan but has merged with a commerical bank. BOND MARKET OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT BANKS These banks provide guidance in selection of industrial units and extend direct financial assistance to partly cover their financial requirements. Also, they engage themselves in promotional activities to attract investors towards neglected sectors through publishing brochures and research papers. Besides, they help in assessing feasibility of potential projects. Such banks are responsible for speeding up the pace of economic growth in the country in conformity with the national objectives, plans and priorities. Their core functions are: * Direct financial assistance * Catalytic function * Mobilization of domestic savings * Ensuring balance regional and industrial growth * Expanding entrepreneurial base by encourage new comers At one time, there were 14 Development Banks in Pakistan. However, most of them have been closed one after another as their bad debts mounted up. It is natural as they take substantial risks in promoting new types of industrial projects in underdeveloped areas sponsored preferably by new-comers. Nevertheless, their contribution brings fruits to the economy in the shape of successful industrial units and transfer of technology. At present, 8 development banks are operating which mostly are joint-venture with other Islamic Countries. MICROFINANCE BANK A microfinance bank would cater to the credit needs of poor households and their small enterprises. Thus microfinance bank provide credit to those poor who are not considered creditworthy by the commercial banks and other financial institutions. On the other hand, the microfinance bands recognize every single human being as a potential and creditworthy entrepreneur. In addition, they provide basic training in start of a small business, simple book-keeping and accounting. The main aim of microfinance institutions is alleviation of poverty through helping poor persons to earn some money especially the women. ISLAMIC BANKS In Islam, it is prohibited to charge interest on any loan. However, it is acceptable to pass on funds to a needy person or corporation for trade purpose in which case profit could be shared on an agreed basis whereas loss should be shared according to the funds invested. Besides, there are certain businesses where any form of deal is forbidden like alcohols and pork. Accordingly, Islamic bank refer to a banking activity which is consistent with the Sharia, the Islamic Laws. Otherwise, there is no difference between the traditional banks and the Islamic bank. DISCOUNT HOUSES These are firms which buys and discounts bills of exchange, banker’ acceptance, commercial paper, etc. Discount houses also tender for treasury bills, deal in short-dated government bonds, and are an important part of the short-term money markets. INSURANCE COMPANIES Insurance is a hedge against the risk of a contingent and uncertain loss. In other words, it is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. For this service, the insurer charges a fee called premium depending upon the risk involved. Besides traditional insurance companies, there are many Islamic insurance companies in Pakistan known as Takaful operators. Takaful is an Islamic insurance concept based on mutual co-operation, responsibility, assurance, protection and assistance between groups of participants. These companies believe in promoting the cause of Takaful as well as promoting the insurance business in a Shariah Compliant i.e. halal and absolutely Riba-Free insurance. STOCK EXCHANGES Stock exchange is a place where securities are bought and sold. Such securities include shares, derivative, unit trusts and bonds. It also provides facilities for the issue and redemption of securities. Prices of shares and bonds are influenced by their demand and supply like in other commodities. In order to list a security on the stock exchange, there are certain requirements. Transactions in the stock exchange are conducted by members only. Stock exchange serves both as a primary market for the initial public offerings and as a secondary market for their subsequent buying and selling Investors are not bound to sell stock or bond through the stock exchange. They can directly deal with the seller. Similarly, there is no compulsion that stock must be traded on the exchange. The securities can change ownership out of the exchange which is called ‘over the counter† or â€Å"curb dealings.† LEASING It is a contract where owner of an asset agrees to allow someone to use it for a fixed rental. It can be for fixed or indefinite period of time. It is a binding contract which sets out terms of lease agreement between the owner and the user. Leases are of various types mainly (i) a financial lease and (ii) an operating lease. The financial lease is long-term and non-cancellable contract where the user assumes some of the risks of ownership and has the right to keep the assets or get it transferred to its own name after fulfilling the necessary conditions. In operating lease, the owner transfer only the right to use the assets which is returned back at the end of the lease. There are some other types especially in the aircraft industry like wet lease and dry-lease and. In wet lease, a company agrees to provide an aircraft along with pilot and crew and would be responsible for the maintenance of the aircraft. Dry lease, on the other hand, refers to leasing only the aircraft. MODARBA If is a form of partnership which has two distinct parties: (i) the financier and (ii) the manager. The financer takes no part of management of the business. The profits are distributed among the subscriber while the manager is paid the usual salary. Modarba is one the modes of Islamic finance. It is like mutual fund minus its un-Islamic features. Not only in Pakistan, the Islamic financial services industry has witnessed a phenomenal growth all over the Islamic world. In particuar, the Modaraba Sector has been able to create a market niche for itself in the corporate sector. This model is enjoying a unique recognition due to its well designed structure with proper rules and regulations defined by the regulators. It has proved its resilience in this time of global financial turmoil. MUTUAL FUND It is a professionally managed type of pooled investment for acquiring securities like stocks, bonds, marketable securities and commodities. The profit is distributed by way of dividend to all investors. Financial market in Pakistan experienced boom conditions in1991 due to liberalization policies of the government. There was a manifold increase in the number of listed companies; number of commercial banks, local and foreign and financial instruments like commercial paper. But it has still to develop and a number of suggestions have been made: * The public sector should reduce its dependence on State Bank of Pakistan. * The infrastructure projects should be financed through domestic bonds of longer maturities (10-20 years). * The financial sectors (capital markets, micro credit, banking and non-banking sector) should have a better and more clearly delineated division of responsibilities. * Foreign institutional investors should be encouraged to take up (i) private equity funds, (ii) private pension funds, (iii) provident and gratuity funds and (iv) Real Estate Investment Trusts. * Mortgage financing should be encouraged.

Positive Attitude

Dennis Brown once said, â€Å"The only difference between a good day and a bad day is your attitude. † As someone who always tried to keep a positive attitude in life, it is hard for me to imagine a world where people are not as optimistic about everyday deals. After hitting my Junior year in IB; however, the effects of the stress load really began to affect my attitude towards life. However, even though I barely just began this experience, I can truly say that a positive attitude can go a long way.As we explore this idea, we’ll first discover the benefits of being positive, next look at the negatives of losing hope, and finally learn how to keep life beautiful with a beautiful attitude. An anonymous person with a great outlook on life once said, â€Å"You've got to take the good with the bad, smile with the sad, love what you've got, and remember what you had. Always forgive, but never forget. Learn from mistakes, but never regret. † Though, this person did not disclose their name, their point is simple and clear. Staying positive is better than being negative.It is scientifically proven that staying positive can help decrease stress levels, increase lifespan, and can actually cause a greater resistance to the common cold and many other diseases. Ph. D. Doctor Martin Brofman discovered the benefits of keeping an upbeat attitude at all times. Brofman was diagnosed terminal cancer in 1975 and was told that he only had two months to live; two months before he would be forced to confront with death. Determined to make the most of his last few weeks, he refused to let anything get him down by keeping a positive attitude at all times.When the sky looked rainy during the time he was sick, the sun would come out at his command. He would imagine his cancer cells each dying off, one at a time; he would insist that everything would be okay. Two months later, he went back to visit the doctor that declared him terminally ill. The doctor, in return, had laughed in joy and stated that perhaps they had made a mistake. Brofman later quotes that â€Å"In order to release a symptom, one must release the way of being associated with it. Thus, the process of healing implies a process of transformation. Along with the positives of being positive, there are also several consequences for being negative. According to scientific research, negative attitude can decrease lifespan, cause stress levels to rise drastically which can cause many medical problems such as heart attack, hypertension, diabetes, and can create an unpleasant future. There are six main types of negativity: the miserable type, the silent killer, the drama queens, the woe is, the paranoid type, and finally the trigger type. These all have one thing in common: they tend to see many things in a negative light.According to Winston Churchill, â€Å"The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. † In the end, the question asked is: would you rather see the difficulty or the opportunity? If the answer is to see opportunity, there are several ways to create a more positive attitude. Firstly, gratitude. If you are grateful towards things that you have, then you tend to have a positive outlook towards your life. It is said that Gratitude is the beginning of all virtues. The next step would be choosing happiness.Be happy; be positive; even when everything is looking rough, there is always light at the end of the tunnel. Thirdly would be substituting problems for challenges. Don’t think of it as a problem, think of it as a challenge. Fourthly, view life as a journey; not a long, weary trek in the end where you go to sleep dejected and exhausted. Think of life as a ride, a ride with twists and turns but nevertheless an honest to goodness fun ride. Next, when you wake up in the morning, think about what a wonderful day it is. A positive start will nearly always end happily.Lastly, stop and s mell the roses and appreciate even the little things in life. As Maurice Setter once said, â€Å"Too many people miss the silver lining because they are too busy looking for the gold. † Often times, people take things for granted and do not look at the positive side of life. However, as shown previously, a positive attitude can create not only great health but also help the people around you. In this sense, a positive attitude is necessary for one to feel truly happy in their lives and necessary for one to truly live the fullest they can.